Discuss the reasons why policy in South Africa changed from segregation to apartheid in 1948. 

The question requires that candidates offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for the change in policy in 1948. Candidates may refer to the rise of Afrikaner nationalism in the 1930s which was inspired by the Broederbond organization and its political arm, the National Party, which felt increasingly threatened by both British and indigenous populations. The changing demographics in South Africa during the Second World War also contributed to a rise in Afrikaner nationalism. Indigenous workers who had moved to urban areas began to demand better payment and conditions and this raised fears among Afrikaners that may lose economic and political power. The declining white population, relative to the indigenous population, was also a cause for concern for the white holders of power who wanted to ensure that they retained the pre-eminent political position. Other factors, such as the desire to prevent the spread of communist ideas, the influence of Nazism on Afrikaner politics, post-war growth and the increasing militancy of the ANC may also be offered as reasons for the change in policy.