“Al-Ma’mun was an effective ruler.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

The question requires that candidates consider the merits or otherwise of the statement that al-Ma’mun was an effective ruler. Candidates may refer to the military achievements of his rule, which contributed to important triumphs against the Byzantine Empire, as well as successful campaigns against Sicily and Palermo. In addition to this, candidates may consider cultural developments—such as those relating to astronomy, cartography, theology and rationalism—or and religious developments. There may also be some analysis of the factors that contributed to opposition and riots during his reign. Candidates may agree, partly agree or disagree with the statement.