Discuss the reasons for the emergence of nationalism in Indo-China by 1914.

Candidates will offer a considered and balanced review of the reasons for the emergence of nationalism in Indo-China by 1914. Candidates may refer to the social, political and/or economic conditions that existed in Indo-China and/or the nature of French colonial rule. Social reasons may include a discussion of the impact of Catholicism and the work of missionaries in education. Economic reasons discussed may include the exploitation of local resources and the issue of taxation. Political reasons may include the rebellions that began from 1885 onwards. French suppression of these rebellions also increased nationalist sentiment. Candidates may suggest that nationalism was still in its infancy and that most opposition to the French was regarding local issues. Candidates may argue that the First World War was a turning point in the emergence of nationalism but the response should be focused on the period prior to this.