Evaluate the consequences for Afghanistan of the withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989.

Candidates will appraise the consequences for Afghanistan of the withdrawal of Soviet troops. Most candidates will focus on the 10 years following 1989. Candidates may adopt a chronological approach that that outlines the sequence of political events and the continued conflict. Alternatively, candidates may choose a thematic approach and address aspects such as the continued Soviet support, the resistance fighters (mujahideen), involvement of the US, Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and the ascendency of the Taliban. Other consequences such as the presence of deserters from the Soviet army, the plight of refugees, opium production, and the impact of the continuing conflict on health, education and the role of women may also be considered.