Date | May 2017 | Marks available | 15 | Reference code | 17M.3op4.HL.TZ0.32 |
Level | Higher level only | Paper | Paper 3 (History of Europe) | Time zone | TZ0 |
Command term | To what extent | Question number | 32 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
To what extent did Yeltsin establish democracy in Russia between 1991 and 1999?
Markscheme
Candidates will consider the merits of the given statement and are likely to focus on political activity and the constitutional structure of post-Soviet Russia. This may include references to, the extent of presidential power, the use of presidential decrees and the ability of the president to govern without reference to parliament. Constitutional change increased presidential powers and the power of the Duma was limited. Candidates may also comment on the power and influence on government policy of major groups and organizations such as political parties, the army and oligarchs. Evidence of democracy may include the existence of a range of political parties, elections and the fact that some (reasonably) well-conducted referenda were held. Evidence that democracy was eroded may include the high levels of corruption and the fact that Yeltsin was able to nominate his own successor, Putin, who was elected in 2000 after a campaign in which it was alleged that he controlled the electoral system and the media.