Examine how people’s participation in leisure activities can be affected by their country’s level of human development.

Examine how different tourism strategies might contribute to the development of one or more countries.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 1 markbands (available under the "Your tests" tab > supplemental materials).

The focus of the question is on the link between levels of human development and participation in leisure activities. Level of human development includes not only economic factors such as affluence, but also attitudes to gender and disability, demographic characteristics, changes in work habits and leisure time.

Possible applied themes (AO2) demonstrating knowledge and understanding (AO1):

• There has been a significant growth in people’s participation in different types of leisure activities in recent years.
• The growth in participation is linked to human and economic development, such as increases in personal affluence and disposable incomes.
• Some leisure activities are associated with more affluent people, while other activities may be associated with poorer groups.
• Social and demographic factors are also important. These include ageing populations and retired people with more leisure time; changes in the workplace, with more paid holidays; changing attitudes towards gender and disability.
• Participation in leisure activities varies spatially, both within and between countries at different levels of human development.

Good answers may be well structured (AO4) and may additionally offer a critical evaluation (AO3) of the statement in a way that examines the relationship between various human factors and participation in leisure activities from different perspectives or on varying time and spatial scales. Another approach would be to examine changes in participation for different places at differing levels of development.

For 5–6 marks, expect weakly evidenced outlining of the relationship between human development and participation in leisure activities.

For 7–8 marks, expect a structured account which includes:

• either an evidenced explanation of the relationship between human development and participation in leisure activities
• or a discursive conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) grounded in geographical concepts and/or perspectives.

For 9–10 marks, expect both of these traits.

Marks should be allocated according to the Paper 1 markbands (available under the "Your tests" tab > supplemental materials).

The focus of the question is on how different tourism strategies, such as ecotourism, heritage tourism, and adventure tourism might contribute to development. The costs and benefits of different tourism strategies should be considered, including various economic and social/cultural effects. The growth of tourism has had significant impacts on the economy and communities in countries at varying levels of development.

Possible applied themes (AO2) demonstrating knowledge and understanding (AO1):

• There are various types of tourist strategy, including ecotourism, heritage tourism and movie-location tourism.
• The growth of tourism has had significant economic, social and environmental costs and benefits.
• The relationship between the growth of tourism and development is complicated, and varies at different scales from local to national.
• The relative success of different tourism strategies for sustainable development should be examined.

Good answers may be well structured (AO4) and may additionally offer a critical evaluation (AO3) of the statement in a way that examines the contribution of different strategies from different perspectives or on varying time or spatial scales. Another approach might be to examine countries at different levels of development, and why some places have benefitted more than others, and the varying power of different stakeholders.

For 5–6 marks, expect weakly evidenced outlining of how a tourism strategy contributes to the development of one or more countries.

For 7–8 marks, expect a structured account which includes:

• either an evidenced explanation of how different tourism strategies contribute to thedevelopment of one or more countries
• or a discursive conclusion (or ongoing evaluation) grounded in geographical concepts and/or perspectives.

For 9–10 marks, expect both of these traits.

This was generally poorly answered with few able to go beyond the differences in time and money available to individuals. There was limited understanding of the broader concept of "human development" (going beyond economic factors to other social and demographic influences). Exemplification was weak and was often a general comment about the difference between two countries. Stronger candidates considered demographic factors such as gender and age.

Again, this was poorly answered, with many merely writing about tourism as a development strategy, rather than looking at the relevance of different tourism strategies. There were also many general, superficial accounts of the importance of tourism to development. Stronger candidates were able to use ecotourism, gorilla watching, movie location and adventure tourism as examples of strategies undertaken by countries. Some did not read the question correctly and used urban areas like Venice or Oxford rather than countries.