State the minimum ecological footprint in global hectares for a country with a GNI of US$20 000 per person.

Referring to the graph, describe the relationship between GNI per person and ecological footprint.

Suggest one reason why country A does not fit the general pattern.

Using examples, distinguish between recycling and resource substitution.

Accept 2.1 to 2.2 [1].

Award [1] each for any three of the following:

• positive relationship or description that matches positive
• identifying an anomaly
• a valid comment about spread/range
• a clustering of nations with low values for both variables.

Three valid descriptive points are needed and there must be some reference to data for full marks.

Award [1] for identifying how it does not fit the trend eg higher GNI per person than would be expected given its ecological footprint.

Award [2] for identifying and developing/exemplifying a valid reason such as:

• very good environmental policies [1] including things like recycling/less landfill [1]
• highly efficient area-intensive agriculture [1] which leads to high yields and involves the use of a smaller land area [1]
• low use of fossil fuels [1] due to access to renewable energy [1].

Award [1] for showing an understanding of recycling, [1] for showing an understanding of resource substitution, and [2] for examples.

For example: Recycling is when old newspapers are processed to make new paper products, whereas resource substitution involves finding a new resource to replace an existing or depleted one, eg using ethanol instead of petrol. [4]