| Date | November 2017 | Marks available | 4 | Reference code | 17N.1.bp.02 |
| Level | SL and HL | Paper | 1 | Time zone | |
| Command term | Explain | Question number | 02 | Adapted from | N/A |
Question
The graph shows the gross national income (GNI) per person and the Human Development Index (HDI) score for two countries in 2015.
[Source: 2015 Human Development Report ‘Work for Human Development’. Human Development Report Office,
United Nations Development Programme. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2015_human_development_report.pdf]
Define the term GNI (per person).
Using evidence from the graph, outline why Chile is more developed than Equatorial Guinea.
Explain two reasons why countries with similar GNI per person can have very different HDI scores.
Reason 1:
Reason 2:
Infant mortality rate is defined as the number of children who die before their first birthday per 1000 live births. Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage of using infant mortality as a measure of socio-economic development.
Advantage:
Disadvantage:
Markscheme
Award marks for recognition of the components of GNI:
The total value of goods and services produced within a country [1] together with the balance of income and payments from or to other countries [1].
Higher for GNI in Chile [1], higher for HDI in Chile [1].
Needs quantification from at least one measure for award of full marks.
For each valid reason, award [1] for the reason and [1] for further development/detail.
Each reason should be linked to one of the two other components of the HDI, namely life expectancy and education.
Possible reasons for the difference include:
- government budgetary priorities
- unequal distribution of wealth within a country
- corruption means investment not going to education/health.
In each case, award [1] for a valid advantage/disadvantage and [1] for further development/detail.
For example: One advantage is that data for infant deaths are easily available [1] which allows for comparisons to be made with other areas/countries [1].
Possible advantages include:
- infants are the most vulnerable group
- high IMR is a good indicator that a basic need is not available (clean water, sanitation, shelter)
- high IMR is a good indicator that health care is not available.
Possible disadvantages include:
- only a single indicator / composite allows for more factors to be included
- does not distinguish between middle- and high-income countries where IMR figures are very similar
- accuracy of data collection (household survey rather than census in some countries)
- does not show variations within a country.
